The Andes Mountains are the longest mountain range on planet Earth, extending 9,000 km down the western edge of South America. Over two-thirds of all the animal species in the Andes are endemic to the regions. The Andes has over thirty thousand vascular plant species, and half of them are endemic to the Andes Mountains. South America, like North America, has been moving west since the Cretaceous period. The Andes region of Ecuador. The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the Triassic and Jurassic when Pangea begun to break up and several rifts developed. Ecuador borders Costa Rica by sea. 2. Air Temps (Hi/Low) Sun (Hrs per/day) Rain (in/month) Wet (Jan-Apr) 70/48°F. The Ecuador Amazon module can be taken at the beginning and the end of your visit to Colombia. The above outline map represents Ecuador - a country in northwestern South America. These listed mountains are also some of the most famous mountain ranges in the world. Many Peruvians live in the coastal area of the country, especially around the capital city Lima, and the Andes mountain region. It shares maritime borders with Costa Rica.Â. Inhabited for centuries by Andean Indians, roughly half of Ecuador's population lives amidst these rugged mountains. Llamas â The mascot of the Andes mountains, these adorable animals have been introduced to this Park so be on the look-out, but donât get to close, they spit! Quito is the highest constitutional capital ⦠The continent’s most magnificent natural attraction stretches for over 7,500km – from Venezuela all the way to Patagonia – and has spawned, in one way or … Andes Mountains - Andes Mountains - The people: Human presence in the Andes is relatively recent; the oldest human remains to be found are only 10,000 to 12,000 years old, although habitation probably dates to much earlier times. It is still unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural, or the result of clearing which began during the Incan time. If you look at a map of South America, you can trace the Andes Mountains along the west side of the continent from Colombia in the north, through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and way south to the tip of Chile. Welcome to "La Sierra!" Andes Mountain Climate Highland Climate (H) The Andes mountain climate is one of the most interesting climates in the world, because it changes drastically throughout the region. The Andes are the highest mountain range in the world situated outside Asia. The Galápagos Islands, 596 miles (960 kilometers) west of the mainland of Ecuador are part of Ecuador and are home to unique reptiles, birds, and plants. Found inside – Page 2865... A300 Crashed after takeoff from Ecuador JFK Airport,New Boeing 727 Crashed into Andes Boeing 767 Crashed into rain andfog mountains, S Colombia 92 2002, ... The Andes are the result of plate tectonics processes, caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American continental plate. If hiking is your passion then look no where else because in the highlands of Ecuador there is plenty of terrain to cover. Most of the population (78%) live in urban centres. The Andean mountains cut through numerous floristic and natural areas due to its extension through seven countries. The nocturnal chinchillas, two threatened members of the rodent order, live in the Andes' alpine regions. The complex enjoys -without doubt--the BEST AND MOST SPECTACULAR views of Mt. Bolivia. Below are the 10 highest mountains in Ecuador: 1. Found inside – Page 563Aside from the Indians in the Andean highlands and the Amazonian tribes in the east , most of the rest of Ecuador's people live along the western littoral ... This is an interesting Ecuador fact. Lima, Peru is the biggest city of all the Andean states. In addition, there are over 30 peaks that are volcanic in nature, including many active ones. Some think as little as 10% of the original woodland is still here. Llamas are one of the most common animals in the Andes, perfectly adapted to the harsh environment and rough terrain. Fast Facts: Chimborazo. The Crucero Train, which crosses the Callejón de los Andes and descends towards the Coast, transports you between badlands, mountains and historical communities. 1. The widest part of the Andes is on the Altiplano plateau. Found inside – Page 29928 TAME Ecuador Boeing 727 . Crashed into Andes mountains , S Colombia 92 2002 , Feb. 12 Tran Air Tours Tu - 154 ... Crashed in Khorramabad , Iran ... Ecuador lies in the northwestern corner of South America, bordered by Colombia to the north, Peru to the south and east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Found inside – Page 102Located in northwestern South America, Ecuador straddles part of the Andes Mountains and occupies part of the Amazon River basin. The capital city, Quito, ... Location. Aconcagua has numerous glaciers with the biggest being the 6 mile-long Ventisquero Horcone Inferior that descends to 11,800 feet from the southern face of the peak. Found inside – Page 73With Fun Facts, Cool Maps, and Seek and Finds for 10 Locations Around the World ... Andes Mountains Quito Run through Ecuador (as well as Venezuela, ... Cotopaxi in the Andes is the highest active volcano in the world. … Some other places in Ecuador are three tributaries of the Amazon River and the Andes Mountains. A mountain range in western South America. 4.5. The highest active volcano on the planet calls the chain home, for example. The Ecuadorian highlands, or the Andes mountain range extend to the north of Quito to Otavalo and Ibarra, and to the south to the Avenue of the Volcanoes that includes Cotopaxi, Tungurahua, El Altar, and Chimborazo national parks. Chimborazoâs peak is the farthest point on the Earthâs surface from the Earthâs core, at a distance of 6,384.4 km (3,968 mi) Elevation of peak (from sea level): 6,268 m. Distance from Quito: 150 km (93 mi) Last eruption: Calculated to have been in the first ⦠Peru Facts | Peru People. Ecuador has many active volcanoes and also one of the highest densities of volcanoes in the world. 2. The Andes Mountains are the longest mountain range on earth that form a continuous highland on the westernmost part of South America. These islands are just one of many natural wonders that make Ecuador such a beautiful country. Ecuador is bordered by Colombia to the north, by Peru to the south and east, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. Other animals found in the mostly open habitats of the high Andes are the huemul, cougar, and foxes in the genus Pseudalopex. Found inside – Page 34928 TAME Ecuador Boeing 727 Crashed into Andes mountains , S Colombia 92 2002 , Feb. 12 Iran Air Tours Tu - 154 .. Crashed in Khorramabad , Iran . Additionally, the coast of Ecuador is a transition zone from the wettest tropical region in the world - ⦠With about 1,000 species, the Andes Mountains are the most crucial areas on earth for amphibians. Found inside – Page 72The three towering parallel ranges of the Andes mountains divide the nation into a flat coastal area, a highland or plateau region, and eastern plains. All of the highest mountains in Ecuador are situated in the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Oriental â two subranges of the Ecuadorian Andes. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2021 worldatlas.com, The Tallest Mountains In The South American Andes. The 22,837-foot high summit is in Mendoza Province, Argentina. Regardless, in modern times the clearance has had a faster pace, and the trees are now highly endangered. Andes Mountains by rxm1249. The Andes are grouped into three groups (Wet Andes, Dry Andes, and Tropical Andes) based on climate. Two ranges of the Andes Mountains run from north to south through central Ecuador. More specifically found in Ecuador, this volcano is known as Cotapaxi, and it reaches a peak elevation of 19,347 feet. Aconcagua, the highest peak, rises to 6,962 m (22,841 ft) above sea level. The Aconcagua is the highest peak in the Andes ranges and also in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Ecuador is situated in western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru. The southern section is rainy and cool. The Andean Mountains are divided into numerous ranges by depressions. Politically and constitutionally, Ecuador is ⦠The Andes â The Longest Mountain Range In The World. Even though the Andes Mountains have snow on the top, most of the country is hot year round with an average temperature of 80 degrees. They are also found in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. Ecuador is crossed in a north-south direction by the Andes mountain ranges. The Andes have an average height of approximately 13,000 feet and they are about 4,300 miles long and between 120 miles to 430 miles wide. Animal diversity in the Andes is high, with almost 600 species of mammals (13% endemic), more than 1,700 species of birds (1/3 endemic), more than 600 species of reptiles (45% endemic), and almost 400 species of fish (1/3 endemic). It is considered to be one of the world's most environmentally diverse nations. The Andes Mountains are on the western parts of South America. Climatically, Ecuador has 7 different climate regions, with some of the world's highest rainfall along the North-western and all of the Eastern Andes slopes to semi arid along the southern lowlands and temperatures varying between tropically hot along the coast and in the Amazon to permanently cold on the snow-capped mountains⦠These mountain ranges extend through seven states including Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Colombia. The Andean Condor, the largest bird of its kind in the Western Hemisphere, lives throughout much of the Andes but mostly in very low numbers. The mountain lion is the second-largest cat of the Americas (the Jaguar is the largest), and … Found inside" A fundamental challenge to established stereotypes of the Andean economy, this book will lead to a rethinking of received ideas. The most significant include the Babahoyo, Chira, Coca, Curaray, Daule, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Napo, Paztaza and the Putumayo, on its northeastern border with Colombia. Found inside – Page 7This is mainly due to the rainy seasons in the Andes Mountains of Ecuador and Peru. ... In fact, the yellow on the Brazilian flag represents gold and other ... The highest point in Ecuador is Mount Chimborazo, at 20,560ft (6,268m); while the lowest point is at the Pacific Ocean. Depending on your personal interests, climate preferences and altitude issues, you may prefer some of the mountain cities over others. climate changes have had dramatic repercussions, including large numbers of extinctions and extensive shifts in species ranges Other important crops that came from the Andes are tobacco and potatoes. Mount Chimborazo is an inactive volcano in Ecuador, which last erupted over a thousand years ago. 850.00 m² (9,149.29 sq ft) This lot is located at a small, safe and quiet, 4-house gated community. It is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia. You will find beatufil cities like Cuenca, Quito, Azogues, and many more. Ecuador Bordering Countries: Chimborazo Facts & Statistics. Olympus Mons on Mars, the tallest known mountain in the solar system, is so large at its base that an observer on its peak wouldn’t know he was standing on a mountain because its slope would be obscured by the curvature of the planet itself.… The western slopes of the Andes are very clear, warm, and dry for most of the year. It is roughly 7000 km (4400 mi) long, 500 km (300 mi) wide in some parts (widest between 18° to 20° S latitude), and of an average height of about 4000 m (13,000 ft). Located east of the Andes mountain range in Ecuador is the region known as the oriente. The Andes, or Andean Mountains, are the longest mountain range in the world and are located along the western coast of South America, spanning through seven different countries. Quitoâs historic center is the largest and least-altered one in the Western Hemisphere, and it was ⦠They stretch over 7,000 km / 4,400 miles from the south of Argentina and Chile to the north of Colombia.They are also found in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.. Aconcagua is bounded by Valle de los Horcones inferior to the southern and western side and the Valle de las Vacas to the east and north. The Andes range is about 200 km (124 mi) wide throughout its length, except in Bolivia where it is 640 km (398 mi) wide. The Galápagos Islands, 596 miles (960 kilometers) west of the mainland of Ecuador are part of Ecuador ⦠Northern Andes (Colombia and Ecuador) The Northern Andes are centered around the equator so they experience pleasant temperatures year-round. The Andes Mountains . The islands of the Dutch Caribbean Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, which lie in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela, represent the submerged tops of the northern edge of the Andes range. A direct opposite of the humid Andean slopes are the mostly dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru, Chile and Argentina. The Amazon river system has its sources in the eastern flanks of the Andes.. Ecuador's coast is on the Pacific Ocean.. Found inside – Page 397In the northern Andes mountains , páramo is found in Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador , and northern Peru . In Central America , there are small pockets of ... First published in the 1950s, this is a classic account of the discovery in 1911 of the lost city of Machu Picchu. Chile. Chimborazo â 6310 m | 20697 ft. The Monasterio de las Conceptas, Parque Maldonado, the Riobamba Cathedral, and the Municipio are lovely places to spend a day or two exploring. Things to do in Colombia . The volcanoes of Ecuador belong to the Northern Volcanic Zone of the Andes, which is the result of subduction of the Nazca Pacific oceanic plate under the continental plate of South America. Río Napo is the longest river in Ecuador. Found insideThe Andes pass through 7 of the 12 South American countries: Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador. Remember when we talked ... The seasons are broken down into the wet and dry seasons, see below for average weather information. Found insideNEW to this edition A new chapter overviewing all seven Central American countries An expansion of the chapter on the English- and French-speaking Caribbean An added chapter on transnational genres An end-of-book glossary featuring bolded ... This publication, featuring 25 case studies from across the mountain landscapes, gives an overview of the global changes affecting mountain farming and the strategies that mountain communities have developed to cope. Located at the foot of the Tungurahua volcano, Baños, Ecuador is a mystical town of waterfalls, hot springs, and miracles - often referred to as the "Gateway to the Amazon." The city sits in the foothills of the Andes mountains at an elevation of 2,850 metres (9,350 ft) above sea level. Imbabura and Mt. They grow at altitudes of 4,500 m (14,760 ft) above sea level. https://blogpatagonia.australis.com/interesting-facts-andes-mountains The eastern side of the Andes and the Amazon basin have very heavy rains during the wet season, which lasts from January until April. Traces the history of mapmaking while offering insight into the role of cartography in human civilization and sharing anecdotes about the cultural arenas frequented by map enthusiasts. The Amazon river system has its sources in the eastern flanks of the Andes.. These ranges are split into three sections: the Northern Andes, Central Andes, and the Southern Andes. The high altitude woodlands and polylepis forests are in the Andean region of Chile, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador. Geography - note. Found insideExamines the geography, history, economy, society, people, and culture of Peru. This book, The First New Chronicle and Good Government, covers pre-Inca times, various aspects of Inca culture, the Spanish conquest, and colonial times up to around 1615 when the manuscript was finished. ⺠Posted at 5 days ago Found insideOur Favorite Facts about Animals, Nature, History, and More Cool Stuff! Mary Pope Osborne, Natalie Pope Boyce. The Andes Mountains in South America are The ... Nestled in central Ecuador, the town of Baños is appropriately named for its dozens of ⦠Climbers are spoilt for choice with the range of volcanoes and mountains in Ecuador, but El Altar is considered by many to be the country's most picturesque and fascinating peak. The Andes Mountains are the longest mountain range in the world, go through 7 countries, and are 4,000 miles long. This area is made up of tropical rainforests with strong rivers fed by the melting snow from the surrounding volcanoes and high reaching mountains. The Andean people have lived there for centuries at ⦠History: Spanish explorer Juan Diaz visits the area now called Argentina and claims it for the Spanish crown.In 1535 Buenos Aires is founded by Pedro de Mendoza. The high Andes Mountains form the backbone of the country. Cinchona pubescens is widely found on the Andean Mountains. Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands are slightly smaller than Nevada and stretch out over a total area of 283,560 sq km, of which 276,840 sq km is land and 6,720 sq km is water. Guayaquil is the largest and the most populous city in Ecuador. Hummingbirds â These delicate iridescent birds are super common in the Andes, so keep your eyes peeled because theyâre small and fast. There are many interesting Andes Mountains facts to consider. At just 175,807 square miles (about the size of Nevada) Ecuador’s small size belies its incredible diversity. The Andes includes over 20 peaks atleast 13,779 ft (4,200m) in height with most located in the Cordillera Occidental. They stretch over 7,000 km / 4,400 miles from the south of Argentina and Chile to the north of Colombia. ⢠No HOA fees for this lot. 18 Interesting Quito Ecuador Facts. About 30,000 species of vascular plants live in the Andes. This page was last updated on February 25, 2021, All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2021 worldatlas.com. ⢠Short walking ⦠Located in the northern part of the country, this river is 530 miles long. The Andes Mountains are on numerous high plateaus including the Altiplano plateau. A list of the most interesting facts about Ecuador we learnt during our time there. It is the administrative and cultural center of Ecuador. The Andes Mountains is the mountainous spine which dramatically dissects South America in two from north to south, crossing seven countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Ecuador is divided into four geographic regions: the coastal lowlands and mountain area; the Central Andes Mountains and its two major chains (Cordillera Occidental in the West) and the (Cordillera Oriental in the east); the lower mountains that fade into rolling hills and lowlands of the east, and the territory of the Galapagos Islands - officially called the Archipielago de Colon - located about 1,000km to the west. These trees are called Queñua, Yagual and other names. Rich, fertile valleys, or basins, lie in the inter–Andean region known as the Corridor of the Volcanoes. Peru, Colombia. Found inside – Page 57G Geographical Facts : Separated from Europe by Ural mountains. ... Peak : Aconcagua (6960 m) and also has Andes i.e. the longest mountain range of world. Higher in the mountains, the night-time temperatures become much colder. Elevation: 20,561 feet (6,267 meters) Prominence: 13,527 feet (4,123 meters) Location: Cordillera Occidental, Andes Mountains, Ecuador. People. From the Amazonian rainforest to the tops of the Andes Mountains; and the coastal towns to the Galapagos Islands, there are sights and experiences that are sure to impress. Farming, deforestation, illegal crops, and population growth has done this. The Andes are a mountain range along the western coast of South America.. That area, and many Interandean Valles, normally have deciduous woodland, shrub and xeric vegetation, up to the mostly lifeless Atacama Desert. Rainforests exist just miles away from the snow covered peak Cotopaxi. The rise of the Andes has not been constant and different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift, and weathering. In alphabetical order, these provinces are: Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Santa Elena, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Sucumbios, Tungurahua and Zamora-Chinchipe. Only in 1816, Argentina gained independence from Spain. Longitude definition, angular distance east or west on the earth's surface, measured by the angle contained between the meridian of a particular place and some prime meridian, as that of Greenwich, England, and expressed either in degrees or … Situated at an elevation of 9,350ft, it is the world's second highest capital city and the oldest among all the South American capitals. In 1880 Buenos Aires became capital of Argentina. The Andes has over thirty thousand vascular plant species, and half of them are endemic to the Andes Mountains. Peru. Letâs take a look at the highest peaks in this country. The Andes has a lot of wildlife. With these 44 facts about Ecuador; let’s gather more information about its history, culture, tradition, economy, food, tourism, people, and more… Ecuador’s History. The Andes of Chile and Argentina can be put in two climatic and glaciological zones; the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes. Covering an area of 283,561 sq.km (109,484 sq mi), Ecuador is a country located in northwestern South America. Rainforests used to hold much of the northern Andes but are now reduced, especially in the Chocó and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia. The Andes are the longest exposed mountain range … They are the Cordillera Occidental (western) and the Cordillera Oriental (eastern). The northern part has two parallel ranges. COLOMBIA ANDES MOUNTAINS FACTS: Colonial cities & fabulous Andes Nature Reserves in one tour accompanied by naturalist guide. Geography. In Ecuador, the volcanoes occur on 4 chains. Andes Mountains are the worldâs longest continental mountain range that encompasses seven South American countries- Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. About Baños. 2. The Andes Mountain Range runs through the center of Ecuador from north to south with the Amazon rainforest to the east and the Pacific coastal region to the west. In Colombia, north to the border with Ecuador, the Andes split in three parallel ranges, western, central and eastern. In the northern region, the country shares borders with Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil and Uruguay, and the eastern border is the Atlantic Ocean . Located in the Andes Mountains, Cotopaxi is one of the world's highest active volcanoes. Found inside1 Machu Picchu is an Incan citadel set high in the Andes Mountains in Peru, ... coast and Andean highlands from the northern border of modern Ecuador to the ... It was during the Cretaceous period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the uplifting, faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rock of the ancient cratons to the east. It stretches over seven countries in South America, namely Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Ecuador is along the equator. Ecuador is bordered by Colombia, Peru, and the Pacific Ocean.Its territory includes the Galápagos Islands, which lie to the west.. The Andes Mountains is the most extensive mountain range in the world. These cantons are further subdivided into parishes (parroquias).Â, Ecuador occupies a total area of 283,561 sq.km, which also includes the Galapagos Islands. It sits directly on the Equator and is subsequently positioned in the northern, southern and western hemispheres of the Earth. Quito happens to be the second-highest capital city in the world right after La Paz, Bolivia, located high up in the Andes Mountains at around 9,350 ft (2,850 m) above sea level. About half of those are endemic to the region: it is a hotspot. The Andes is the longest mountain range in the world. The highest Crater Lake in the world is found on the Ojos del Salado, and it has a diameter of about 330 feet. Letâs learn more by diving into these 18 interesting facts about Quito Ecuador: 1. Cotopaxi in the Andes is the highest active volcano in the world. With so many different climates in Ecuador, there always is a best time to visit Ecuador. The western range of the eastern Cordillia Oriental is the only one which reaches Colombia . Up until the rise of this incredible mountainous border, the river flowed out into the Pacific Coast of South America. This 11-day tour of the best of the Ecuadorian mainland takes you to the cities of Quito, Guayaquil, Cuenca plus quaint villages in the Andes mountains where you'll hike take a train discovering some of Ecuador's highest volcanoes and plunging waterfalls. note 1: Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world note 2: genetic research indicates that the cherry-sized tomato originated in Ecuador without any human domestication; later domestication in Mexico transformed the plant into the large modern tomato; archeological research indicates that the cacao tree, whose seeds are used to make chocolate … There are jungles and mountains such as the Andes mountains. 10 Fascinating Facts About the Andes Mountains The Andes Mountains is the mountainous spine which dramatically dissects South America in two from north to south, crossing seven countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. An ideal starting point for many mountain excursions, Riobamba is a small, charming Andean city with colonial architecture, cobble-stone streets, impressive plazas, and a fascinating market. The Altiplano plateau hosts various major South American cities like La Paz, Merida, Sucre, Medellin, Arequipa, Bogota, and Quito. TThe combined influences of the Andes, the Humboldt and Panama Currents create 9 distinct major climate zones in Ecuador. The Andes are a mountain range along the western coast of South America.. The Amazon river system has its sources in the eastern flanks of the Andes. 3. There are about 400 fish species, 600 mammal species, 600 reptile species, and 1,700 bird species, including four species of mountain toucan. Providing painstakingly detailed information for safely and securely navigating some of Latin America’s most rewarding excursions, this guide is for both avid climbers attempting Chimborazo’s 20,700-foot summit or recreational trekkers ... Found inside – Page 19Humans and animals adapted or emigrated 3000 The white potato , native to the Andes Mountains of Peru , Bolivia , and Ecuador , was probably first ... The Andes mountain range is the highest mountain range outside Asia. This page was last modified on 16 July 2021, at 10:44. In 1989, just one year after scientist Norman Myers wrote the paper that introduced the hotspots concept, Conservation International adopted the idea of protecting these incredible places as the guiding principle of our investments. Found insideMatt Rossano examines this story from an evolutionary perspective, weaving together findings and ideas from anthropology, psychology, religion, and cognitive science. Ojos del Salado is on the Chilean-Argentina border and about 370 miles north of Mount Aconcagua. The Altiplano plateau is the second highest plateau in the world that is in Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, and Peru. The Andes is a vast mountain system forming a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The climate is known to change very much in rather short distances. The above blank map represents Ecuador - a country in northwestern South America. To the west, the towering Andes mountains create a natural 5,142km high border with Chile, and the eastern border of the country is the Atlantic Ocean. The highest peak is Chimborazo, at 20,702 feet (6,310 meters). The facts: ⢠Lot size: 850 sq.m. The Andes Mountains stretch about 4,500 miles along the western coast of South America. Ecuador is divided into four geographic regions: the coastal lowlands and mountain area; the Central Andes Mountains and its two major chains (Cordillera Occidental in the West) and the (Cordillera Oriental in the east); the lower mountains that fade into rolling hills … In Bolivia, Argentina, Chile and Argentina of western Peru, Panama! 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