2013. The roots of this variety do tend to crack if moisture conditions fluctuate. Spinosad and. Sweet Potato Production By Rishi Mohansingh (Agricultural Officer 1)  Clear the area of all vegetation, then plough. Creamer, and D.W. Monks. Agronomy Journal 106:1795-1804. Other large producers … Carolina Ruby is susceptible to root knot nematode, the WDS complex, and flea beetle. Weed Technology 21:922-927. Price, A.J. The long period spent as larvae (more than 95 percent of the lifecycle) results in multiple generations of wireworms in the soil that can cause different amounts of damage depending on size. Weed Science 53(6):839-845. Indians. Elmore C.D., H.R. Several OMRI-approved products are listed for aphid and whitefly control; however, some active ingredients (pyrethrum) may have limited efficacy where resistance occurs. 2007. The roots are inspected by the NCCAI to minimize pest incidence, especially diseases such as virus incidence in the G0 plants that are purchased annually by NC Certified Sweetpotato Producers. Weed survey—southern states. Wilcut. However, if infestations have been problematic in the past, proactive management is important to minimize damage and maintain plant health. Soil Requirements. For greenhouse seed production, planning a plant-free period before propagating sweetpotato seed can limit carryover of pests from previous greenhouse crops. Choosing the correct sweetpotato variety for the target market is an important decision for an organic farmer. 2017). Response of ivyleaf morningglory (, Proctor, C. 2013. Interference of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) in ‘Beauregard’ sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Agricultural and Natural Resources, Davis, Cal. Degree-Day Utility User’s Guide. Asia is the world’s largest producer with China producing more than 80% of total world production. and M.W. To prevent seed production, cultivation or hand-hoeing of purslane should occur before three weeks after emergence or 125 growing degree days (Haar and Fennimore 2003; University of California 1990). Most commercial sweetpotato growers use 42-inch or 44-inch spacings between rows. On this episode of the Row by Row Garden Show, we talk about growing sweet potatoes. In 2012, sweet potatoes were grown on approximately 22,500 acres, producing 394 million pounds of sweet potatoes with an estimated value of $79 million. Fortunately, most soils in North Carolina contain plenty of phosphorus. Meyers, S.L. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri): A review. Proper curing and storage of sweetpotato is an important step in the production process that can ensure stability of the product from the field to the consumer. University of California. Scout greenhouses weekly for thrips, aphids, and whitefly infestations. Field or Site Selection Soil Characteristics One of the most important steps in sweet potato production is selecting the right soil based on the following characteristics. Evangeline is a variety with dark-rose skin and orange flesh that produces high yields. Meyers, S.L., K.M. Patch expansion of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) with and without polyethylene mulch. 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A goal of weed control in organically produced sweetpotato is to increase crop competitiveness while also reducing weed competition to an acceptable level. Although several different lepidopteran larvae (caterpillars) species can infest the crop, beet armyworm and corn earworm are common in NC. Critical weed-free period for ‘Beauregard’ sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas). Wilcut. Shankle, R.A. Arancibia, and A.O. Something to do with vines, new sweet potato varieties, sweet potato … 2003. Days to Harvest: E = Early (~90 to 100 days after planting, DAP), M = Midseason (~101 to 115 days after planting, DAP), L = Late Season (~ > 115 days after planting, DAP). In 2019, NC Sweet potato production was valued at $324 million, not including value added products. Circular 1000. Planting plants further apart in-row helps to promote storage roots sizing, thus earliness or less time is needed in the field. They must be controlled early in the growing season through cultivation and hand removal because as they intertwine with sweetpotato and other weeds, they become impossible to control. 2015b. Tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth—flower or foe? 3 Plant Production: E = Early, M = Middle, L = Late; VH = Very High Plant Production, H = High Plant Production, A = Average Plant Production. See Table 8-1 for more information about insect-resistant and disease-resistant sweetpotato varieties. Jennings, J.R. Schultheis, and D.W. Monks. Foundation Seed Program. Varieties. Purdue University Extension, West LaFayette, Ind. There are only two varieties listed in Table 8-1 that have moderate resistance to the WDS complex and flea beetle with good resistance to fusarium and root knot nematode. Always sample from multiple greenhouse locations and positions in the plant canopy. Averre is a new variety released by NC State University in 2018. 2003. Today, sweet potato is grown in most parts of the tropical world and even in the warmer temperate regions. Managing yellow nutsedge to keep its density as low as possible is important because marketable sweetpotato yield losses of 18 percent to 80 percent have been observed. For more research information, visit the station sites. Understanding what specific varietal characteristics fit your market is crucial; however, some varieties do have greater disease and insect tolerance. 2014. Remem-ber, poor-quality seed roots will not produce the quality slips needed for the establishment and production of high-yielding sweet potato … For more information on sweetpotato storage, see, Elmore C.D., H.R. 2013, 2014, 2015; Meyers et al. Version 2.0. Position sweetpotato in a rotation of crops to minimize weed competition and pest and disease losses. 1941. The variety they often produce organically is Carolina Ruby, and clientele have found this variety to have excellent culinary characteristics. Production Requirements Sweet potato is a nutritious root crop that contains signifi- cant amounts of fiber, beta carotene and vitamin C, particularly in varieties with highly colored roots. Ward S.M., T.M. To understand the pests that can damage the sweetpotato crop, we have organized this section of the chapter by pest complex and the location where problems typically occur (greenhouse, field, or storage unit). Evaluation of integrated practices for common purslane (, Meyers, S.L., K.M. Palmer amaranth can re-root along the stem if left in the field (LM Sosnoskie, University of Georgia, unpublished data). Yellow nutsedge’s high potential for vegetative growth and reproduction and difficulty in its control necessitates that management strategies for nutsedge be focused on prevention (control prior to transplanting), early detection and treatment (cultivation, hand removal if possible), and integration of control strategies (crop rotation, optimum transplanting date, optimum sweetpotato growth, timely cultivation) to reduce its effects on sweetpotato growth and yield and its spread (Meyers and Shankle 2015a, 2015b; Ransom et al. L.G., D.L. Narrower between-row spacing provides the added benefit of covering the row middles with vegetation and results in better weed control. Palmer amaranth (, Webster, T.M. A&T State University, in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee 609pp. American Journal of Botany 28:271-273. Asia is the world’s largest producer with China producing more than 80% of total world production. Steckel. Like Covington, Beauregard and Orleans have a light-rose skin and orange flesh. The sweet potato is … It has resistance to fusarium and root knot nematode but is susceptible to the WDS complex and flea beetle.  Rotavate and make ridges (banks) 30 - 60 cm (1 - 2 ft) high and 60-90 cm (2 - 3 ft) apart Botanically, the un-derground part is classifi ed as a storage root, rather than a tuber, as is the white (“Irish”) potato (Solanum tuberosum). A successful crop can be obtained if the variety selected has a relatively short growing season and growing conditions are favorable. In other words, few culls or misshapen roots are produced, so most of the sweetpotatoes harvested can be sold. Spinosad is an effective thrips material when applied in a timely manner before large populations become established. Purslane seeds have reportedly remained viable for as long as 40 years (Darlington 1941). 4 Color Flesh: O = Orange, W = White. Even though this is the case, about 50 lb/acre is routinely applied to a conventionally grown crop. It also can be stored for a long period (up to 12 months) if proper curing and storage conditions are maintained. University of Nebraska—Lincoln. Spinosad is an effective thrips material when applied in a timely manner before large populations become established. However, if infestations have been problematic in the past, proactive management is important to minimize damage and maintain plant health. Soilborne insect pests that feed directly on developing roots are the most important and consistent group of pests that cause economic damage to the crop annually. Vegetable section abstracts. L.M., T.M Webster, A.S. Culpepper, and J. Kichler. The sixty-year period for Dr. Beal’s seed viability experiment. Phytoseiulus persimilis is a species of predatory mite that is commercially available for greenhouse mite control and can be effective for twospotted spider mite control. 2010. Fields with high weed populations should also be planted when temperature is optimum for sweetpotato growth, which is usually during the later portion of the planting season. This publication printed on: Feb. 19, 2021, Chapter 8: Crop Production Management - Sweetpotatoes. Other large producers include Vietnam. Test soil for fertility requirements and nematode presence. 1990. A step by step guide for sweet potato cultivation income, project report. Entireleaf morningglory, ivyleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, tall morningglory, and smallflower morningglory are commonly observed in sweetpotato fields in North Carolina. Annual Meeting, Southern Region, American Society for Horticultural Science, Mobile, AL. As compared with Murasaki-29, it has a dark-rose skin and orange flesh. Cooperative Extension is based at North Carolina's two land-grant institutions, Proper curing and storage of sweetpotato is an important step in the production process that can ensure stability of the product from the field to the consumer. The world’s worst weeds: Distribution and biology. Version 2.0. Mites are a common pest during greenhouse seed production. Early-season soil moisture deficit reduces sweetpotato storage root initiation and development. There appears to be room to grow the organic sweetpotato sector of the market. Some growers plant in early July. Being older varieties, they are susceptible to key diseases: fusarium, root knot nematode, and Streptomyces species soil rot, as well as the key insect pests that affect sweetpotatoes. Chemical management. Predatory mites can be an effective biological control agent when densities of pest mite populations are low to moderate. Regulation of root development in sweetpotato and cassava by soil moisture during their establishment period. 2015a. Sweetpotatoes are grown primarily in the coastal plain of eastern North Carolina. These larvae are occasionally found on infested roots in storage facilities, causing some concern for postharvest contamination. Shock. In the greenhouse, mites can infest adjacent plants via touching foliage or by workers handling infested foliage and then touching uninfected plants. Weed Technology 27:12-27. Weed Technology 29:854-860. In contrast, low numbers of insects can vector plant viruses that harm the plant and cause yield impacts (such as sweetpotato feathery mottle virus, Mites are a common pest during greenhouse seed production. Although NC04-531 has good pest resistances, several yield studies have been conducted indicating that it has below average yields. Palmer amaranth mowed above the canopy branches below the cut and results in a dense canopy just above the sweetpotato canopy (Meyers et al. Weed Science 58:199-203. In addition, control should occur before grasses produce seeds (annual and perennial grasses) or reproductive rhizomes (perennial grasses such as johnsongrass). For all applications, consider using the highest labeled application rate and an increased spray volume to ensure application uniformity in the soil profile. Weed competition during storage root initiation (first three to four weeks after transplanting) and the growth stage of sweetpotato in which storage roots size up directly impact the number of storage roots produced per plant, the size of each storage root at harvest, and the resulting yield and quality (Gajanayake et al. Yield: VH = Very High, H = High, A = Average, BA = Below Average. Weed Science 17: 686-695. 1977. For preplant applications, thorough incorporation is important to establish an insecticidal barrier that will limit movement of existing wireworms into the root zone. Sweet potato storage root initiation. 2011 Response of two sweet potato cultivars to weed interference. It is resistant to many of the key diseases but susceptible to the key insect pests. Control of weeds can be one of the most challenging pest control aspects when growing organic sweetpotatoes, especially Palmer amaranth and nutsedge weeds. Both Beauregard and Orleans produce very smooth skins and cure and store well. L.M., T.M Webster, A.S. Culpepper, and J. Kichler. It has high yields (not the highest), but its roots are somewhat short, and the pack out of this variety is very high. Here are resources specific to the sweet potato industry, which includes a crisis communication workbook. Response of ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederaceae) to neighboring plants and objects. For organic systems, there are a limited number of OMRI-approved plant and microbial-based biological insecticide options that have efficacy on wireworms. Sweet potatoes need a loamy soil with a pH between 5.0-6.5. In other words, sweetpotatoes are a warm-season crop and thrive when daytime temperatures are near 90, Aphids and whitefly are small soft-bodied hemipteran insect pests that feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. An evaluation of pre-emergence metam-potassium and S-metolachlor for yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) management in sweetpotato. Fruit flies can be managed with attract-and-kill stationary fly traps equipped with vinegar and yeast baits. Certified seed will produce 15 –20% higher yields than standard seed. Sweetpotato has been shown to be more competitive with Palmer amaranth when grown on 6-inch in-row spacing (SC Smith, unpublished data), therefore it might be beneficial to plant sweetpotato at 6-inch in-row spacing in fields with a high population of Palmer amaranth. HortScience 21 :426-428. Quantifying storage root initiation, growth, and development responses of sweetpotato to early-season temperature. Smith S., K.M. In eastern North Carolina, there are eight different wireworm species that have been documented in sweetpotato fields; however, tobacco wireworm (Conoderus vespertinus Fabricius) is the most common pest of the crop. 2009. Minimize handling damage when harvesting to limit postharvest disease and unmarketable roots. 2 Days to Harvest: E = Early (~90 to 100 days after planting, DAP), M = Midseason (~101 to 115 days after planting, DAP), L = Late Season (~ > 115 days after planting, DAP). The biology and ecology of Palmer amaranth: implications for control. The process of properly selecting, curing and storing sweet potato roots for the production of slips (vine cuttings) is a key step in profitable sweet potato production. Common mite species are twospotted spider mite (. Learn more about sweet potato bulking; Sweet potato marketing: Know where to sell your sweet potatoes in Kenya. Improving the quality of roots entering storage through proper curing is an important factor to limit large fruit fly infestations and postharvest disease. 2003. Important sweetpotato pests feed on foliage and developing roots below the soil surface; however, many of these pests only cause economic injury when infestation levels are high. Some key reasons Covington is the number one variety grown in North Carolina is that it is highly adapted to production throughout the state. Hurst, and D.F. Gajanayake B., K.R. As Palmer amaranth remains in the crop past three weeks after transplanting, total yield loss can increase to 70 percent and number one grade yield loss can reach 90 percent (Smith et al. Weeds that emerge after six weeks after transplanting do not normally reduce yield or quality of sweetpotatoes. Shankle. This tandem approach is important to maximize protection. Other leading states include Louisiana, California, and Mississippi. Adult whitefly can be observed flying around the plant canopy when disturbed. Shallow cultivation should begin as soon as the crop is established (usually 10 to 14 days after transplanting). — Read our 2009. For most organic growers, planning crop rotations that do not involve corn is one strategy to reduce wireworm damage on sweetpotato. Plants are maintained by the Micropropagation Center and Repository (MPUR) in tissue culture to reduce the occurrence of mutations and are tested each year for viruses. 1986. Another white flesh, white-skinned variety to consider is Bonita. Jennings, J.R. Schultheis, and D.W. Monks. Approximately 50% of the nation’s supply of sweetpotato is produced in North Carolina. The skin of Bayou Belle is red and its flesh is orange. Gajanayake B., K.R. The skin color is a light-rose, and the flesh is orange, which is what most markets are used to and often demand. 1977; Proctor 2013; Proctor et al. Light-brown, cigar-shaped adults and larvae will be apparent when densities are high. Very limited research has been conducted on managing fertilizer practices for organic production of sweetpotatoes. 2017. These pests are very challenging in producing sweetpotatoes. Because of these characteristics, it easily competes against the crop for water, nutrients, and light. These varieties all have an orange flesh; the variety Jewel has an orange skin, the variety Georgia Red has a red skin as its name suggests, and Porto Rico has a light-orange skin. Austin. Several OMRI-approved insecticides are available for caterpillar control in sweetpotato. NC is the number one sweet potato producing state in the US, accounting for just over 40 percent of total production. Read our Agronomic characteristics such as yield, production time in the field, and plant production are also very important. Sweet potato production in Hawaii. Use of high quality seed is very important. Growers rank weed control as the number one barrier in production of organically produced crops. In other words, sweetpotatoes are a warm-season crop and thrive when daytime temperatures are near 90°F and nighttime temperatures are in the upper 60s°F or 70s°F. Understanding what specific varietal characteristics fit your market is crucial; however, some varieties do have greater disease and insect tolerance. Find more information at the following NC State Extension websites: Publication date: June 24, 2019 It points out that growers in the southern-most states can start slips out-of-doors in the soil. These weeds establish from seeds and have a growth habit that is vining, like sweetpotato. Shock. Use good implement sanitation practices to limit the spread of diseases and nematodes among fields. Villordon. Finally, if one can grow a high-yielding sweetpotato variety that has a white flesh and skin but cannot sell it because the market demands an orange flesh with red skin, it does the producer no good. Gaussoin, and Z.J. Aphids and whitefly are small soft-bodied hemipteran insect pests that feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. 2015. Legleiter, T. amd B. Johnson. Sweet Potato Production (publication HLA-6022) are excellent guides, replete with necessary details and options for growing slips. In addition, scouting the field after cultivation is important to verify purslane was controlled and stem sections are not reestablishing. The curing process improves the visual appeal, shelf life, and flavor characteristics of harvested roots. 2012). Ward S.M., T.M. Genotype x environment interaction and yield stability estimate of some sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.)Lam] breeding lines in South Africa. Because wireworm larvae can persist in the soil for several years, long-term crop rotation away from suitable host plants is one of the most effective methods to reduce the risk of root damage. Sweet potato can be … It has high yields (not the highest), but its roots are somewhat short, and the pack out of this variety is very high. the production of sweet potatoes in quarantined areas. Timing of Palmer amaranth control on sweetpotato yield and quality. Yellow nutsedge (, Seem, J.E., N.G. Harrison, H.F. and D.M. 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